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The role of technology in language and literacy education

As Dourish and Bell (2011) have pointed out, “The technologically mediated world does not stand apart from the physical one within which it is embedded; rather, it provides a new set of ways for that physical world to be understood and appropriated” (p.132). But those new ways of understanding and appropriating are not likely to be developed automatically. A favorable disposition of mind is a prerequisite. And that disposition is probably best fostered in educational settings. Young people today learn digitally mediated modes of expression largely outside of school, and those out of school uses of digital technologies are often more varied and more sophisticated than those they encounter at school (Jenkins, Purushotma, Weigel, Clinton, & Robison,2009; Lundby,2008). This raises the question of what the function of schools should be with respect to digital technologies and literacy. If literacy is the know-how needed to deal with the technology of writing in a given culture, and if globalization and its attendant social and technological changes have simultaneously increased individuals’ control of and control by technologies of communication, then I would suggest that the answer to the question above is that schools need to foster literacy that includes a dimension of critical semiotic awareness.
KERN, Richard. Language, literacy, and technology. Cambridge University Press,2019.

According to the text, the technologically mediated world influences the understanding and appropriation of the physical world, therefore what role should educational settings play in this context to improve students’ awareness?

Scholars from various theoretical backgrounds have continuously defined and redefined genre from different perspectives. Chouliaraki and Fairclough (1999, p.21, apud Meuer,2013, p.151) investigate the concept of language use within society, emphasizing that the relationship between language and society is not unilateral but dialectical. From this perspective, the analysis of social practices offers the advantage of providing a nexus between abstract structures and their operative mechanisms, thus reconciling the divide between “society” and the lived experiences of individuals.

Genres, according to what is being appointed above, are defined according to their

“The main difference between classroom assessment and large-scale educational assessment is the context of the classroom. The learners are there as learners, and the teacher is there to engage with the learners in the learning process. This is true irrespective of whether the teacher is viewed as a facilitator, an imparter of knowledge, an expert interlocutor, or whatever other model one may choose to use.” (Fulcher; Davidson, 2007, p.24).

In Language Testing and Assessment: An advanced resource book, Fulcher and Davidson (2007) state that there are important differences between largescale testing and classroom assessment, although the latter usually benefits from concepts presented in studies related to the former. Based on such divergence, it is correct to say that:

There are two statements below an assertion (A) and a reason (R) about English for Specific Purposes. Mark the correct answer about them.

Assertion (A)

When designing an English for Specific Purposes (ESP) course, the first stage is to carry out a rigorous needs analysis of the target situation and only after that the organizational patterns in specific texts should be identified to specify the linguistics means by which they are signaled. After adding such patterns to specific register and lexical components, the course design is ready. Thus, there are just these three stages in ESP for Hutchinson and Waters (1987).

Reason (R)

Using the analogy of a tree, Hutchinson and Waters (1987) defined ESP as a language product whose root is English Language Teaching (ELT) and branches are English for Academic Purposes (EAP) and English for Occupational Purposes (EOP). Thus, the main point of ESP is to teach specialized vocabulary.

In The Postmethod Condition: (E)merging Strategies for Second/Foreign Language Teaching, Kumaravadivelu (1994) states that a widespread dissatisfaction with the conventional concept of method has produced what the author calls the “postmethod condition”, a reformulation that can potentially reshape the character and content of L2 (second language) teaching, teacher education, and classroom research. In this context, fostering language awareness consists in one out of ten macro strategies proposed by the author in a strategic framework for L2 teaching in the postmethod era. Regarding the concept of language awareness proposed by the author, it is correct to say that: