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Population history of the Southern Caucasus
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology—An
international team of researchers from Germany,
Georgia, Armenia, and Norway has analyzed ancient
DNA from 230 individuals across 50 archaeological sites
from Georgia and Armenia. Within the framework of the
Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the
Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean,
co-directed by Johannes Krause, Director at the Max
Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig,
and Philipp Stockhammer, Professor at Ludwig
Maximilians University of Munich, this study reconstructs
the genetic interactions of populations in the Southern
Caucasus over time and down to the level of individual
mobility.
Mostly constant ancestry with traces of Bronze Age
migrations
Spanning from the Early Bronze Age (circa 3500 BCE) to
after the Migration Period (circa 500 CE), the research
shows that people in the Southern Caucasus retained a
mostly constant ancestry profile. "The persistence of a
deeply rooted local gene pool through several shifts in
material culture is exceptional", says population
geneticist Harald Ringbauer, whose research team at the
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology led
this study, "This stands out compared to other regions
across Western Eurasia, where many changes were
linked to substantial movement of people."
While there was overall genetic continuity, the research
also found evidence of migration from neighboring
regions. During the later phases of the Bronze Age, in
particular, a portion of the area's genetic makeup traces
back to people from Anatolia and the Eurasian steppe
pastoralists—reflecting cultural exchange, technological
innovation, burial practices, and the expansion of
economic systems, such as mobile pastoralism.
Following this period, the population size in the area
increased, and genetic signatures of mixing were often
more transient or confined to singular mobile individuals.
Cranial deformation: introduced by migration, then turned
into a local tradition
One of the study's most striking findings concerns early
Medieval individuals from the Iberian Kingdom, located in
present-day eastern Georgia, who had intentionally
deformed skulls. This cultural practice was long thought
to be tied to Central Eurasian Steppe populations. "We
identified numerous individuals with deformed skulls who
were genetically Central Asian, and we even found direct
genealogical links to the Avars and Huns " says lead
author and geneticist Eirini Skourtanioti from the Max
Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology and
Ludwig Maximilians University Munich. "However, our
analyses revealed that most of these individuals were
locals, not migrants. This is a compelling example of the
cultural adoption of a practice that was likely
disseminated in the area by nomadic groups."
Liana Bitadze, head of the Anthropological Research
Laboratory at Tbilisi State University in Georgia and a
co-author of the study, corroborates the significance of
this finding: "Previously, we addressed this question
through comparative morphometric analyses. Now,
ancient DNA analysis has created a completely new line
of evidence, helping us to reach more definitive
answers."
A melting pot of diverse ancestries
The study also highlights how urban centers and early
Christian sites in eastern Georgia became melting pots of
people beginning in Late Antiquity. This further
emphasizes the long-standing role of the Caucasus as a
dynamic cultural and genetic frontier.
"Historical sources mention how the Caucasus Mountains
served both as a barrier and a corridor for migration
during Late Antiquity. Our study shows that increased
individual mobility was a key feature of the emerging
urban centers in the region", says Xiaowen Jia, co-lead
author and PhD researcher at Ludwig Maximilians
University Munich.
This research sets a new standard for understanding the
population histories of regions that have long been
overlooked by archaeogenetics.
https://popular-archaeology.com/article/population-history-of-the-southe
rn-caucasus/
Read the sentence from the text:
"This stands out compared to other regions across
Western Eurasia, where many changes were linked to
substantial movement of people."
Match each highlighted word to its correct grammatical
category:
COLUMN 1
I. This
II. other
III. where
IV. many
V. substantial
COLUMN 2
1.Relative adverb
2.Adjective
3.Quantifier adjective
4.Demonstrative pronoun
5.Attributive adjective
The correct matching is:
